📊 요약
Lifetime PD 분석 보고서
생성일시: 2026-03-11 20:50
1. 모형 개요
모형 구조Z(t) = c + φ·Z(t-1) + β₁·X₁_std + β₂·X₂_std + β₃·X₃_std + ε
모형 유형AR(1) + Macro (Vasicek Single-Factor)
적용 기준IFRS 9 (2018, 2024 개정)
변수 선택HOUSING_PRICE, CURRENT_ACCOUNT, CREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1
2. AR(1) 모형 파라미터
자기회귀 계수 (φ)-0.3352
반감기0.6년
절편 (c)-0.1781
β(HOUSING_PRICE)0.6412
β(CURRENT_ACCOUNT)-0.1771
β(CREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1)-0.6439
잔차 σ0.3989
장기 균형 Z-0.1334
3. 모형 적합도
0.6667
Adj. R²0.6000
F p-value0.000130
AIC34.9959
DW2.8731
4. 시나리오 설정
시나리오가중치HOUSING_PRICE (σ)CURRENT_ACCOUNT (σ)CREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1 (σ)Z(t+1)
호황 (Upside)0.200011-11.0527
중립 (Base)0.5000000-0.0553
불황 (Downside)0.3000-1.5000-1.50001.5000-1.7174
5. 1년차 확률가중 PD (%)
AAAAAABBBBBBCCC
가중PD(1Y)0.07880.10850.28171.70666.461413.008931.6688
📊 원시데이터_전이행렬
전이행렬 파이프라인: Original → PD Floor → TTC
PD Floor 기준 (Basel III CRE30.4 + S&P/Moody's)
등급Floor PD (bp)
AAA5
AA5
A7
BBB20
BB60
B300
TTC 전이행렬 (PD Floor 적용 후, 1998~2025 평균)
From\ToAAAAAABBBBBBD
AAA0.99110.00842800000.000510
AA0.01730.94170.03670.0035580.0000070.0000070.000733
A00.05320.89650.04290.0012600.0040520.002048
BBB00.0000120.06590.86420.03430.02150.0140
BB000.0032340.04350.80360.08770.0619
B000.0007350.0036780.02770.82480.1431
D0000001
연도별 D열 비교 (Original vs Floor Calibrated)
연도AAA(원시)AA(원시)A(원시)BBB(원시)BB(원시)B(원시)
연도AAAAAABBBBBB
1998(원시)0016.9400105.831436.403944.30
1998(보정)5516.9400105.831436.403944.30
1999(원시)1.80002.500016.5700106.39198.151881.36
1999(보정)5516.5700106.39198.151881.36
2000(원시)1.82005.060016.5200101.54333.23983.95
2000(보정)5.00005.060016.5200101.54333.23983.95
2001(원시)4.06007.990017.3600149.54499.891792.24
2001(보정)5.00007.990017.3600149.54499.891792.24
2002(원시)1.78008.310017.1900129.25479.372136.03
2002(보정)5.00008.310017.1900129.25479.372136.03
2003(원시)3.77007.750016.2300108.94500.14867.74
2003(보정)57.750016.2300108.94500.14867.74
2004(원시)5.79008.420017.7000111.192047.862152.92
2004(보정)5.79008.420017.7000111.192047.862152.92
2005(원시)5.43008.490017.9100100.93239.441652.70
2005(보정)5.43008.490017.9100100.93239.441652.70
2006(원시)3.56007.640015.8000124.46259.23339.46
2006(보정)5.00007.640015.8000124.46259.23339.46
2007(원시)5.15007.770018.9900100.13317.06623.64
2007(보정)5.15007.770018.9900100.13317.06623.64
2008(원시)3.46007.600016.0100165.80847.65739.98
2008(보정)57.600016.0100165.80847.65739.98
2009(원시)5.20007.480015.7600122.281444.451310.57
2009(보정)5.20007.480015.7600122.281444.451310.57
2010(원시)5.10007.470016.5900127.381171.522557.17
2010(보정)5.10007.470016.5900127.381171.522557.17
2011(원시)3.40007.450015.8700234.21530.641499.83
2011(보정)5.00007.450015.8700234.21530.641499.83
2012(원시)3.42007.540064.5399222.52811.323796.36
2012(보정)57.540064.5399222.52811.323796.36
2013(원시)1.75007.450015.7700402.43790.611011.51
2013(보정)5.00007.450015.7700402.43790.611011.51
2014(원시)5.17007.420068.6300210.13669.82688.92
2014(보정)5.17007.420068.6300210.13669.82688.92
2015(원시)5.44007.340017.1000113.011003.991469.78
2015(보정)5.44007.340017.1000113.011003.991469.78
2016(원시)5.16007.340015.9700115.10526.321094.35
2016(보정)5.16007.340015.9700115.10526.321094.35
2017(원시)3.39007.360017.8200123.67232.74584.60
2017(보정)57.360017.8200123.67232.74584.60
2018(원시)07.520017.6600141.91217.93485.42
2018(보정)57.520017.6600141.91217.93485.42
2019(원시)1.69007.510016.5700108.98721.381451.42
2019(보정)57.510016.5700108.98721.381451.42
2020(원시)5.08007.430015.9200104.60180.18499.99
2020(보정)5.08007.430015.9200104.60180.18499.99
2021(원시)5.17007.250016.5700105.93216.50544.44
2021(보정)5.17007.250016.5700105.93216.50544.44
2022(원시)3.47007.340016.6100106.95117.13622.53
2022(보정)57.340016.6100106.95117.13622.53
2023(원시)1.80007.640020.9400160.26982.602376.81
2023(보정)57.640020.9400160.26982.602376.81
2024(원시)5.13007.270017.4800118.96243.331196.36
2024(보정)5.13007.270017.4800118.96243.331196.36
2025(원시)5.12007.410016.5500107.88321.421764.13
2025(보정)5.12007.410016.5500107.88321.421764.13
📊 원시데이터_거시변수
원시 데이터: 거시경제변수
★ 선택 변수: HOUSING_PRICE, CURRENT_ACCOUNT, CREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1
연도HOUSING_PRICECURRENT_ACCOUNTCREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1GDP_GROWTHUNEMPLOYMENTBASE_RATECD_RATECPI_GROWTHLEADING_INDEXGOVT_3YCORP_AACORP_BBBIPIEXPORTGOVT_10YIMPORT_AMTUSDKRWM2CSIKOSPIIMPORT_PRICEDISHONOR_RATEHOUSEHOLD_DEBTFACILITY_INVESTRETAIL_SALESEMPLOYEDEMPLOYMENT_RATEOIL_PRICECOINCIDENTBSI_MANUFCONSTRUCTION_DONESPICONSTR_INVEST_GRGFCF_GROWTHSAVING_RATEINVEST_RATETRADE_GNIMANUF_CAPACITYIPI_LAG1EXPORT_DIFF
200055.2000123.508.90004.40005.25007.09002.3000101.208.35009.350011.9000102.501722688.55001604811131651.8010150478.50000.460019462.500072211558.500026.200099.80009056.300058-1.400011.400033.70003172.5000109.50
200156.800080.30002.55004.5000445.34004.100099.50006.70008.120011.270099.50001504397.05001410981291736.5096.500069473.60000.280022558.500073.500021185922.8000988253.800060.20005.60000.600031.700029.300066.3000105.80102.50-21829
200265.300053.90003.15007.40003.30004.25004.99002.8000102.306.06007.02009.7500108.501624716.58001521261251816.3010562872.10000.180030663.20007622176023.7000101.509255.200063.50006.50006.700031.300029.100062.4000110.5099.500012032
200371.5000119.502.73002.90003.60003.75004.24003.500098.80004.93005.70008.9700109.801938175.45001788271192879.209681181.30000.120036060.500074221259.500026.800099.2000855864.800010432.60003065108.20108.5031346
200471284.203.27004.90003.70003.25003.77003.6000100.504.11004.72007.5300119.202538454.73002244631145935.309789690.50000.080039466.500074.5000227259.800033.5000100.808863.5000661.80002.100034.800030.300073.5000113.80109.8060028
200573.5000149.802.81003.90003.70003.75003.81002.8000101.804.27004.68006.51001262844194.950026123810241002.70100.50101199.20000.06004406876.5000229760.300049.3000101.20926668.5000-0.40001.900033.400029.700072.5000114.50119.2030574
200680.200053.90001.83005.20003.50004.50004.72002.2000102.504.83005.25007.08001363254655.17003093839551089.901061434107.800.050049773.500078.5000233460.900061.5000102.809569.500071.20000.50003.400032.500029.600073.2000115.8012641046
200783.500059.50001.83005.50003.200055.36002.5000103.105.23005.70007.4400144.503714895.42003568469291181.60108.501897109.300.040056078.500080237161.300068.4000103.509772.8000741.40004.200032.400029.400077.8000115.2013646024
200884-57.80001.74002.80003.200035.70004.700096.50005.27007.020010.7300148.204220075.570043527511031263.20861124132.500.11006307679238561.500094.300098.50007274.500075.5000-2.8000-1.900031.500031.200096.5000112.80144.5050518
200984.8000328.103.71000.80003.600022.63002.800098.20004.04005.80009.24001403635344.850032308512761404.40851683104.200.100069460.500077.5000235560.100061.800096.50006868.2000760.2000-131.400026.300082102.50148.20-58473
201087282.103.44006.80003.70002.50002.80002.90001033.72004.66007.9800161.504663844.490042521211561504.301072051115.800.060077680.500080.5000239760.400078.1000103957278.5000-1.40005.800033.500029.500087.9000113140102850
201189.5000184.103.32003.70003.40003.25003.55004101.203.62004.41007.75001685552144.050052441311081586.501001826130.200.05008578282242460.7000106102.509073.500080-4.90000.80003429.400096.7000112.50161.5088830
201289508.403.34002.40003.20002.75003.13002.2000100.303.13003.76006.5600168.205478703.350051958411271673.50100.501997123.500.04009347983.5000246861.3000109.10100.50857282.5000-3.2000-0.500033.800028.400096.8000110.20168-7344
201388.8000812.102.80003.20003.10002.50002.72001.3000100.802.79003.19005.8700168.805596323.280051558610951756.2010320111150.040098077.500085250361.6000105.501018871.5000845.40003.30003428.700093.2000108168.2011762
201490.2000843.502.68003.20003.500022.36001.30001012.56002.99005.2200168.505726652.9200525515105318711041916105.600.040010508186.5000254662.400096.7000101.509073.8000861.10003.100034.50002987.6000108.80168.8013033
2015951059.402.23002.80003.60001.50001.72000.7000100.501.80002.18004.61001685267572.250043649911312010103.50196179.50000.0300114584.500088256762.600051.20001018677.500088.50009.10005.10003628.800079.8000107.20168.50-45908
201697.5000992.402.43002.90003.70001.25001.4800199.80001.44001.88004.6000168.504954261.800040619311612151.101002026780.030012508289.500025976341.3000100.208589.50009010.30005.600036.400029.200074.5000106168-31331
2017100752.602.72003.20003.70001.50001.52001.9000101.501.80002.28004.8300174.205736942.330047847811312347.20105246790.50000.020013649292262063.200053.1000101.80929092.50007.30009.800036.600031.100077.3000107.50168.5078268
2018102774.702.55002.90003.80001.75001.85001.5000100.802.10002.67005.41001786048602.560053520211002508.9010220411000.0300149794.500094263363.100069.5000101.508885.500094.5000-4.6000-2.400035.900030.300077.3000107174.2031166
2019104.505972.74002.20003.80001.25001.63000.400099.30001.50001.93004.5200175.505422331.74005033431166269497219892.50000.030015738996.5000266063.500063.4000100828297-3.1000-2.100034.600030.500072.1000102.80178-62627
2020110752.802.5900-0.700040.50000.76000.5000970.98002.03005.25001705124981.520046763311803070.20902873850.02001723100100263062.500042.300097.50007679100-0.10002.600036.300031.300065.8000100175.50-29735
20211228833.22004.30003.700011.09002.5000102.801.43002.26005.64001836444002.120061509311443415.801062978110.500.01001853108.50105267263.800069.30001039677.5000104.50-1.50003.100035.800031.600074.5000105.20170131902
2022128258.303.38002.60002.90003.25003.77005.100099.20003.14004.25008.1800186.506835853.600073137012923561952237140.200.02001903105107.50272664.500097100.508576108-3.5000-0.700034.500031.800085.2000104.5018339185
2023118355.203.93001.40002.70003.50003.75003.600098.80003.55004.40008.40001836327443.78006427561305368096.500026551200.0300192010210627506582.500099.20008072109.50-0.50001.50003430.800080.5000101186.50-50841
202411538042.20002.800033.30002.300099.50003.20003.90007.50001856600003.4200650000135038009824001150.03001950103.50105.50276065.20008099.50008268110-3.30000.800033.50003082101.5018327256
20251123503.60001.800032.750031.800099.80002.80003.50006.80001846500003.1000640000138039009925001100.03001980104106277065.5000751008465111-213329.500081101185-10000
📊 Zt_추정
Zt 추정 (Belkin & Suchower 1998)
방법론: 관측 전이행렬 역산 → WLS → Zt
자산상관계수 (ρ)0.2000
ρ = 0.20 근거
[1] Basel III IRB: 기업 ρ = 0.12~0.24 (CRE31.6)
R = 0.12×(1-e^(-50×PD))/(1-e^(-50)) + 0.24×(1-(1-e^(-50×PD))/(1-e^(-50)))
[2] BBB(PD≈0.2%) → R=0.208, A(PD≈0.07%) → R=0.217
[3] 한국 기업 포트폴리오 평균: ρ ≈ 0.20 (투자/투기 혼합)
[4] Moody's Analytics CreditEdge: single-factor ρ ≈ 0.15~0.25
Zt 평균 (μ)-0.2001
Zt 표준편차 (σ)0.7673
관측 기간1998~2025 (28개년)
연도ZtHOUSING_PRICECURRENT_ACCOUNTCREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1
1998-2.1505
1999-0.8673
20000.086255.2000123.50
2001-0.719056.800080.30002.5500
2002-0.897065.300053.90003.1500
2003-0.081971.5000119.502.7300
2004-1.304171284.203.2700
2005-0.321673.5000149.802.8100
20061.436180.200053.90001.8300
20070.456283.500059.50001.8300
20080.438584-57.80001.7400
2009-0.629384.8000328.103.7100
2010-1.065187282.103.4400
20110.00068489.5000184.103.3200
2012-1.197989508.403.3400
2013-0.454588.8000812.102.8000
20140.916190.2000843.502.6800
2015-0.4494951059.402.2300
2016-0.012797.5000992.402.4300
20170.4831100752.602.7200
20180.6004102774.702.5500
2019-0.2213104.505972.7400
20200.5464110752.802.5900
20210.45571228833.2200
20220.5197128258.303.3800
2023-0.9198118355.203.9300
20240.11651153804
2025-0.36621123503.6000
📊 AR1_모형
AR(1) + Macro 회귀 모형
Z(t) = c + φ·Z(t-1) + Σ βᵢ·Xᵢ_std(t) + ε(t)
※ 거시변수는 표준화(mean=0, std=1) 후 투입. β = '1σ 충격 → ΔZ'로 해석
회귀 계수
변수계수표준오차t값p값유의성
const-0.17810.0911-1.95410.0648*
Z_lag1-0.33520.1488-2.25290.0357**
HOUSING_PRICE0.64120.13414.78000.000114***
CURRENT_ACCOUNT-0.17710.1069-1.65700.1131
CREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1-0.64390.1099-5.86050.000010***
모형 진단 통계
0.6667
Adj. R²0.6000
F 통계량10.0014
F p-value0.000130
AIC34.9959
Durbin-Watson2.8731
거시변수 표본 통계 (표준화 전 원시값)
변수평균표준편차최근값
HOUSING_PRICE91.319219.3527112
CURRENT_ACCOUNT422.33334.75350
CREDIT_SPREAD_LAG12.90360.62623.6000
변수별 경제적 해석
HOUSING_PRICEβ=+0.6412 (+)주택가격↑ → 담보가치↑ → 차입여력↑ → 부도↓ → Z↑
CURRENT_ACCOUNTβ=-0.1771 (−)경상수지↑(흑자) → 불황기 수출의존↑ → Z↓ (한국 특수 패턴)
CREDIT_SPREAD_LAG1β=-0.6439 (−)전년 스프레드↑ → 당해 신용위험 전이 → 부도↑ → Z↓ (시차 효과)
📊 시나리오_Z경로
시나리오별 Z(t) 경로
t=1: 거시 충격 적용 | t≥2: AR(1) 감쇠 → TTC 수렴
연도(t+k)호황 (Upside)중립 (Base)불황 (Downside)
11.0527-0.0553-1.7174
2-0.5309-0.15950.3975
3-0.000133-0.1246-0.3113
4-0.1781-0.1363-0.0737
5-0.1184-0.1324-0.1534
6-0.1384-0.1337-0.1267
7-0.1317-0.1333-0.1356
8-0.1340-0.1334-0.1326
9-0.1332-0.1334-0.1336
10-0.1335-0.1334-0.1333
15-0.1334-0.1334-0.1334
20-0.1334-0.1334-0.1334
25-0.1334-0.1334-0.1334
30-0.1334-0.1334-0.1334
40-0.1334-0.1334-0.1334
50-0.1334-0.1334-0.1334
📊 Lifetime_PD
시나리오별 누적 Lifetime PD (%)
호황 (Upside) (가중치 20%)
시나리오연도AAAAAABBBBBBCCC
호황 (Upside)10.0013050.0020380.0078200.10780.82442.511111.0291
호황 (Upside)20.03340.04890.15231.22096.147814.302830.5701
호황 (Upside)30.04540.07120.27282.07239.786921.508639.4917
호황 (Upside)50.07740.14490.70044.577018.565735.887952.8646
호황 (Upside)70.10920.24991.32127.591627.178547.453962.0428
호황 (Upside)100.15840.49102.611312.719239.054960.726372.0198
호황 (Upside)150.24911.17865.587421.781655.027175.288482.7164
호황 (Upside)200.35842.27449.299430.396666.440783.978589.0086
호황 (Upside)300.67015.640617.639144.461579.789192.520195.0957
호황 (Upside)501.849315.268633.093861.294089.545897.333298.4190
중립 (Base) (가중치 50%)
시나리오연도AAAAAABBBBBBCCC
중립 (Base)10.01310.01930.06260.59733.25998.015125.1118
중립 (Base)20.02910.04560.17861.51387.436716.783840.3810
중립 (Base)30.04430.07460.33822.615211.798324.779349.7632
중립 (Base)50.07550.15230.81535.379120.921938.800361.4840
중립 (Base)70.10730.26481.50268.676729.838750.112969.1802
중립 (Base)100.15670.52162.911814.206741.994863.019877.3817
중립 (Base)150.24801.24636.113223.819258.102377.058186.1044
중립 (Base)200.35832.390210.053432.814469.429685.354391.2138
중립 (Base)300.67275.873418.777347.225582.395393.411296.1343
중립 (Base)501.858815.749734.602663.944491.461497.838698.7959
불황 (Downside) (가중치 30%)
시나리오연도AAAAAABBBBBBCCC
불황 (Downside)10.24010.32830.82954.621315.555428.330556.3571
불황 (Downside)20.24630.34711.00835.551318.419533.161763.4497
불황 (Downside)30.26890.40891.44627.565623.798240.928370.4479
불황 (Downside)50.30050.53932.338811.279932.605052.002177.5624
불황 (Downside)70.33410.72843.448715.334240.915360.930682.1168
불황 (Downside)100.38841.13465.454421.612451.862071.080786.9009
불황 (Downside)150.49512.16639.485531.706565.892582.095191.9642
불황 (Downside)200.63163.641214.020840.612975.508988.593594.9255
불황 (Downside)301.03017.712823.332154.201486.273194.893097.7739
불황 (Downside)502.455418.199839.061969.206193.572998.342999.3113
📊 가중평균_PD
확률가중 Lifetime PD (%)
PD_weighted(t) = Σ w_s × PD_s(t)
= 20%×호황 (Upside) + 50%×중립 (Base) + 30%×불황 (Downside)
연도AAAAAABBBBBBCCC
10.07880.10850.28171.70666.461413.008931.6688
20.09520.13670.42232.666510.473721.201045.3394
30.11190.17420.65753.991714.996028.969953.9143
50.14340.26691.24946.988923.955642.178464.5837
70.17570.40092.050110.457032.629652.826471.6337
100.22650.69943.614516.130944.367064.979479.1651
150.32241.50887.019725.777859.824378.215387.1847
200.44032.742311.092834.670470.655686.050991.8863
300.77946.378719.916148.765583.037493.677596.4184
502.035916.388535.638664.992891.711797.888898.8751
📊 검증결과
통계적 검증 결과
검정대상통계량p-value결과해석
ADF (Augmented Dickey-Fuller)Zt 시계열-4.87490.0000Pass O정상 시계열 (p=0.0000, α=0.05)
Shapiro-Wilk Normality TestZt 시계열0.98180.8921Pass O정규분포 (p=0.8921, α=0.05)
Ljung-Box Q-test잔차 자기상관12.23060.0318Fail X자기상관 존재 (DW=2.873, LB p=0.0318)
Breusch-Pagan / ARCH-LM잔차 이분산BP=3.34250.5022Pass O등분산 (BP p=0.5022, ARCH p=0.9545)
R² / F-test모형 설명력R²=0.66670.0001Pass OR²=0.667, Adj.R²=0.600
PD PropertiesCumulative PD (upside)--Pass O모든 검증 통과
PD PropertiesCumulative PD (base)--Pass O모든 검증 통과
PD PropertiesCumulative PD (downside)--Pass O모든 검증 통과